|
Background: |
Finland was a province and then
a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an
autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete
independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully
defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with
some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a
remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified
modern industrial economy; per capita income is now among the highest in
Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the
only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January
1999. |
|
Location: |
Northern Europe, bordering the
Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and
Russia |
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Geographic coordinates: |
64 00 N, 26 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Europe |
|
Area: |
total: 338,145 sq km
land: 304,473 sq km
water: 33,672 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Montana
|
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 2,681 km
border countries: Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km
|
|
Coastline: |
1,250 km |
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
(in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf
boundary with Sweden
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the
depth of exploitation |
|
Climate: |
cold temperate; potentially
subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the
North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes |
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Terrain: |
mostly low, flat to rolling
plains interspersed with lakes and low hills |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Baltic Sea
0 m
highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m |
|
Natural resources: |
timber, iron ore, copper, lead,
zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 6.54%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 93.44% (2005) |
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Irrigated land: |
640 sq km (2003) |
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Total renewable water resources: |
110 cu km (2005) |
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Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
total: 2.33 cu km/yr
(14%/84%/3%)
per capita: 444 cu m/yr (1999) |
|
Natural hazards: |
NA |
|
Environment - current issues: |
air pollution from
manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution
from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens
wildlife populations |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
|
Geography - note: |
long boundary with Russia;
Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent;
population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
|
|
Population: |
5,244,749 (July 2008 est.)
|
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 16.6% (male
443,738/female 427,875)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male
1,773,232/female 1,731,808)
65 years and over: 16.6% (male
349,826/female 518,270) (2008 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 41.8 years
male: 40.3 years
female: 43.4 years (2008 est.)
|
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Population growth rate: |
0.112% (2008 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
10.39 births/1,000 population
(2008 est.) |
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Death rate: |
10 deaths/1,000 population
(2008 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
0.73 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2008 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.04
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67
male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2008
est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 3.5 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 3.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 78.82
years
male: 75.31 years
female: 82.46 years (2008
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
1.73 children born/woman (2008
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
1,500 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 100 (2003 est.)
|
|
Nationality: |
noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish |
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Ethnic groups: |
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian
0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006) |
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Religions: |
Lutheran Church of Finland
82.5%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 15.1%
(2006) |
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Languages: |
Finnish 91.5% (official),
Swedish 5.5% (official), other 3% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking
minorities) (2006) |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 100%
male:
100%
female: 100% (2000 est.) |
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland
local short form: Suomi/Finland |
|
Government type: |
republic |
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Capital: |
name: Helsinki
geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
time
difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March;
ends last Sunday in October |
|
Administrative divisions: |
6 provinces (laanit, singular -
laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani, Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani,
Lappi, Oulun Laani |
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Independence: |
6 December 1917 (from Russia)
|
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National holiday: |
Independence Day, 6 December
(1917) |
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Constitution: |
1 March 2000 |
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Legal system: |
civil law system based on
Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations |
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Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of
government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June 2003); Deputy
Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 19 April 2007)
cabinet:
Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible
to parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for
a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 15
January 2006 (next to be held in January 2012); the president appoints the
prime minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the
majority coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must
approve the appointment; Prime Minister VANHANEN reelected 17 April 2007
election results: percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 46.3%,
Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 24.1%, Matti Vanhanen (Kesk) 18.6%, Heidi HAUTALA
(VIHR) 3.5%; a runoff election between HALONEN and NIINISTO was held 29
January 2006 - HALONEN 51.8%, NIINISTO 48.2%; Matti VANHANEN relected
prime minister; election results 121-71
note: government
coalition - Kesk, KOK, VIHR, and SFP |
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Legislative branch: |
unicameral Parliament or
Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a
proportional basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: last
held 18 March 2007 (next to be held March 2011)
election
results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 23.1%, Kok 22.3%, SDP 21.4%,
VAS 8.8%, VIHR 8.5%, KD 4.9%, SFP 4.5%, True Finns 4.1%, other 3.4%; seats
by party - Kesk 51, Kok 50, SDP 45, VAS 17, VIHR 15, SFP 9, KD 7, True
Finns 5, other 1 |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus
(judges appointed by the president) |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Center Party or Kesk [Matti
VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green Party or VIHR
[Tarja CRONBERG]; Left Alliance or VAS [Martti KORHONEN] (composed of
People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative); National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic Party or
SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Stefan WALLIN]; True
Finns [Timo SOINI] |
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International organization participation: |
ADB (nonregional members),
AfDB, Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,
ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS,
UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Pekka LINTU
chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800
FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030
consulate(s) general: Los
Angeles, New York |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Marilyn WARE
embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140
Helsinki
mailing address: APO AE 09723
telephone:
[358] (9) 616250
FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800 |
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Flag description: |
white with a blue cross
extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is
shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
|
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Economy - overview: |
Finland has a highly
industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output roughly
that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is
manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering,
telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important;
exports equal nearly two-fifths of GDP. Finland excels in high-tech
exports, e.g., mobile phones. Except for timber and several minerals,
Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components
for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development
is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an
important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural
population. High unemployment remains a persistent problem. In 2007 Russia
announced plans to impose high tariffs on raw timber exported to Finland.
The Finnish pulp and paper industry will be threatened if these duties are
put into place in 2008 and 2009, and the matter is now being handled by
the European Union. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$185.9 billion (2007 est.)
|
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GDP (official exchange rate): |
$244.9 billion (2007) |
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GDP - real growth rate: |
4.4% (2007) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$35,500 (2007 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 2.6%
industry: 32.3%
services: 65.1% (2007 est.) |
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Labor force: |
2.68 million (2007 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture and forestry 4.4%,
industry 18.6%, construction 6%, commerce 16.3%, finance, insurance, and
business services 13.9%, transport and communications 7.6%, public
services 33.2% (2004) |
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Unemployment rate: |
6.9% (2007) |
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Population below poverty line: |
NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 22.6% (2000) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
26 (2005) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
2.7% (2007 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
19.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $62.02 billion
expenditures: $58.16 billion (2007) |
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Public debt: |
31.3% of GDP (2007) |
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Agriculture - products: |
barley, wheat, sugar beets,
potatoes; dairy cattle; fish |
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Industries: |
metals and metal products,
electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and
paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
4.6% (2007) |
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Electricity - production: |
73.47 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 39%
hydro: 18.7%
nuclear: 30.4%
other: 11.8%
(2001) |
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Electricity - consumption: |
88.27 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports: |
1.059 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
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Electricity - imports: |
15.85 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Oil - production: |
8,951 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
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Oil - consumption: |
219,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
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Oil - exports: |
126,300 bbl/day
(January-September 2007 est.) |
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Oil - imports: |
281,300 bbl/day
(January-September 2007 est.) |
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Oil - proved reserves: |
NA bbl |
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Natural gas - production: |
0 cu m (2007 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption: |
3.909 billion cu m (2007 est.)
|
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2007 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
4.123 billion cu m (2007 est.)
|
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Natural gas - proved reserves: |
0 cu m (1 January 2006) |
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Current account balance: |
$11.24 billion (2007) |
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Exports: |
$104.9 billion f.o.b. (2007)
|
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Exports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment,
chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp |
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Exports - partners: |
Germany 11.3%, Sweden 10.5%,
Russia 10.1%, UK 6.5%, US 6.5%, Netherlands 5.1% (2006) |
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Imports: |
$81.54 billion f.o.b. (2007)
|
|
Imports - commodities: |
foodstuffs, petroleum and
petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel,
machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, grains |
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Imports - partners: |
Germany 15.6%, Russia 14%,
Sweden 13.7%, Netherlands 6.6%, China 5.4%, UK 4.7%, Denmark 4.5% (2006)
|
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Economic aid - donor: |
ODA, $1.023 billion (2007)
|
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$7.804 billion (2007) |
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Debt - external: |
$271.2 billion (30 June 2007)
|
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$66.25 billion (2006) |
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$74.81 billion (2006) |
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Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$1.095 trillion (January 2008)
|
|
Currency (code): |
euro (EUR) |
|
Currency code: |
EUR |
|
Exchange rates: |
euros per US dollar - 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003) |
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
1.92 million (2006) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
5.67 million (2006) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
modern system with excellent service
domestic: digital
fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive cellular network provide
domestic needs
international: country code - 358; submarine
cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations -
access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth
station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland
shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries
(Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1
(1998) |
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Radios: |
7.7 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
120 (plus 431 repeaters)
(1999); note - On 1 September 2007, Finland became one of the first
countries in the world to broadcast all television signals digitally
|
|
Televisions: |
3.2 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.fi; note - Aland Islands
assigned .ax |
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Internet hosts: |
2.323 million (2007) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
3 (2002) |
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Internet users: |
2.925 million (2006)
|
|
Airports: |
148 (2007) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 76
over
3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 27
1,524 to 2,437
m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 22
under 914 m: 15 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 72
914 to
1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 68 (2007) |
|
Pipelines: |
gas 694 km (2007) |
|
Railways: |
total: 5,741 km
broad gauge: 5,741 km 1.524-m gauge (2,619 km electrified)
(2006) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 78,189 km
paved: 50,760 km (includes 700 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,429 km (2007) |
|
Waterways: |
7,842 km
note:
includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia
(2006) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 92 ships (1000
GRT or over) 1,362,014 GRT/1,002,280 DWT
by type: bulk carrier
3, cargo 26, chemical tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo
20, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 23, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 5 (Germany 2, Norway 1, Sweden 2)
registered in other countries: 43 (Bahamas 8, Germany 4,
Gibraltar 3, Marshall Islands 2, Netherlands 14, Norway 1, Sweden 10, UK
1) (2007) |
|
Ports and terminals: |
Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola,
Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Raahe, Rauma, Turku |
|
Military branches: |
Finnish Defense Forces (FDF):
Army, Navy (includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Suomen
Ilmavoimat) (2007) |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
18 years of age for male
voluntary and compulsory national military and nonmilitary service;
service obligation 6-12 months (2007) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 16-49:
1,169,910
females age 16-49: 1,121,187 (2008 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 16-49: 965,131
females age 16-49: 923,224 (2008 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 16-49: 34,152
females age 16-49: 32,870 (2008 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
2% (2005 est.) |
| Transnational Issues |
Finland |
|
Disputes - international: |
various groups in Finland
advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union,
but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands |
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